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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental conditions
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Decision-making research

Background:

  • Autistic individuals report real-world decision-making challenges.
  • Laboratory decision-making tasks often show comparable or superior performance in autistic individuals compared to neurotypical controls.
  • Understanding specific decision-making domains affected in autism is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and analyze existing research on decision-making in autistic individuals.
  • To identify specific types of decision-making tasks where autistic individuals' performance differs from comparison groups.
  • To explore potential underlying cognitive differences, such as metacognition and value-based processing.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a comprehensive literature search across four research databases.
  • Included 104 studies encompassing 2712 autistic and 3189 comparison participants.
  • Categorized decision-making tasks into perceptual, reward learning, metacognition, and value-based paradigms.

Main Results:

  • Autistic and comparison participants performed similarly on perceptual and reward-learning decision tasks.
  • Significant differences in decision-making patterns emerged in metacognition and value-based tasks.
  • Autistic participants showed distinct approaches to evaluating performance and making choices based on subjective value.

Conclusions:

  • Autistic individuals may exhibit differences in metacognition (thinking about thinking) and value-based decision-making compared to neurotypical individuals.
  • These findings highlight specific cognitive processes that may underlie reported real-world decision-making difficulties in autism.
  • Further research into metacognitive and value-based processes is warranted to understand decision-making in autism.