Epiphitic Microbiome of Alvarinho Wine Grapes from Different Geographic Regions in Portugal

Geographic location and, particularly, soil and climate exert influence on the typicality of a wine from a specific region, which is often justified by the terroir, and these factors also influence the epiphytic flora associated with the surface of the grape berries. In the present study, the microbiome associated with the surface of berries obtained from ten vineyards of the Alvarinho variety located in different geographical locations in mainland Portugal was determined and analyzed. The removal of microbial flora from the surface of the berries was carried out by washing and sonication, after which the extraction and purification of the respective DNA was carried out. High-throughput short amplicon sequencing of the fungal ITS region and the bacterial 16S region was performed, allowing for the determination of the microbial consortium associated with Alvarinho wine grapes. Analysis of α-diversity demonstrated that parcels from the Monção and Melgaço sub-region present a significantly (p < 0.05) lower fungal diversity and species richness when compared to the plots analyzed from other regions/sub-regions. The ubiquitous presence of Metschnikowia spp., a yeast with enologic potential interest in all parcels from Monção and Melgaço, was also observed.