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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

356
Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

503
Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...
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Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
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Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

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Redox Switching Behavior in Resistive Memory Device Designed Using a Solution-Processable Phenalenyl-Based Co(II)

Nisha Kamboj1, Atanu Betal2, Moumita Majumder3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India.

Inorganic Chemistry
|February 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A novel square-planar cobalt(II) complex with a phenalenyl ligand was synthesized and used to create a resistive switching memory device. This device exhibits stable, reproducible switching between two resistance states, paving the way for new electronic materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Phenalenyl-derived ligands are electronically interesting and can form novel coordination complexes.
  • Tetrathiafulvalene/tetracyanoquinodimethane charge transfer salts are known for their unique charge carrier interfaces due to π···π stacking.
  • Resistive switching memory devices offer potential for advanced data storage applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel square-planar cobalt(II) complex using a phenalenyl-derived ligand.
  • To investigate the supramolecular structure and π···π stacking interactions of the synthesized complex.
  • To fabricate and evaluate a resistive switching memory device utilizing the synthesized complex as the active material.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a square-planar cobalt(II) complex [CoIIL] with a phenalenyl-derived ligand (LH2).
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction for molecular structure determination.
  • Supramolecular studies to analyze solid-state packing and π···π stacking.
  • Fabrication and characterization of an indium tin oxide/CoIIL/Al resistive switching memory device using write-read-erase-read cycles.
  • Electrochemical characterization and density functional theory (DFT) studies.

Main Results:

  • A novel mononuclear square-planar cobalt(II) complex, [CoIIL], was successfully synthesized and structurally characterized.
  • Supramolecular analysis revealed π···π stacking analogous to charge transfer salts, suggesting potential for charge carrier applications.
  • The fabricated resistive switching memory device demonstrated stable and reproducible switching between two resistance states for over 2000 seconds.
  • Electrochemical and DFT studies proposed a redox-resistive switching mechanism involving the cobalt(II) center and the phenalenyl backbone.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized [CoIIL] complex possesses unique structural and electronic properties suitable for electronic device applications.
  • The observed bistable resistive switching behavior highlights the potential of this complex in non-volatile memory technologies.
  • The study provides insights into the structure-property relationships governing resistive switching in metal-organic complexes.