ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN YOUNG PERSONS

Area of Science:

• Cardiology and Public Health Research
• Focus on noncommunicable diseases and cardiovascular risk assessment

Background:

• Cardiovascular diseases are the primary cause of death globally, accounting for half of all noncommunicable diseases.
• Kazakhstan identified as high cardiovascular risk region due to rising mortality rates.
• Increasing prevalence of myocardial infarction in younger individuals (up to 44 years) necessitates research into early-onset risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review international approaches for assessing risk factors of myocardial infarction in young populations.
• To investigate the impact of additional risk factors beyond traditional ones, considering different myocardial infarction types.

Main Methods:

• Content analysis of research on myocardial infarction risk factors in young individuals.
• Inclusion of national guidelines and WHO recommendations.
• Literature search of electronic databases (PubMed, eLibrary) from 1999-2022 using specific keywords and MeSH terms.

Main Results:

• International research supports the role of classic risk factors (hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, inactivity, family history) in early atherosclerosis.
• Distinction between Type 1 (atherogenesis-related) and Type 2 (ischemia imbalance) myocardial infarction highlights different pathogenetic mechanisms.
• Need for research into additional factors like inflammation, genetic polymorphisms, and endothelial dysfunction for Type 2 myocardial infarction.

Conclusions:

• High mortality and disability from early cardiovascular events in young people present a significant socioeconomic problem.
• Further research is needed to identify new markers, develop risk stratification algorithms, and enhance prevention strategies for early-onset myocardial infarction.
• Understanding diverse pathogenetic mechanisms is crucial for effective management and prevention in younger populations.