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Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement01:21

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The Cope rearrangement is classified as a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-dienes, leading to a more stable, isomeric 1,5-diene. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six electrons, four from two π bonds and two from a σ bond, via an energetically favorable chair-like transition state.
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The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers01:00

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Polymers that are made up of identical monomer units are called homopolymers. Only one repeating unit is involved in the construction of the homopolymer structure. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, polypropylene is a homopolymer constituted of propylene monomers. Here, the only repeating unit in the polymer chain is propylene.
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Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienes01:29

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The Diels–Alder reaction brings together a diene and a dienophile to form a six-membered ring. Both components have unique characteristics that influence the rate of the reaction.
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Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer
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The Origin of Left-Handed Poly[d(G-C)].

Thomas M Jovin1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany. tjovin@mpinat.mpg.de.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a reversible switch in DNA

Keywords:
CD left-handed DNALeft-handed DNAParallel-stranded psRR-DNAPhosphorothioate-modified Z-DNAR–L transition of poly[d(G-C)]TOP2AZ*-DNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • The discovery of alternating DNA sequences, like poly[d(G-C)], in 1967.
  • Observation of a reversible transition in DNA helical sense in 1968.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the historical discovery and development of left-handed Z-DNA.
  • To summarize post-1979 research on Z-DNA and related structures.

Main Methods:

  • Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy to detect spectral inversions.
  • Absorption spectroscopy to analyze spectral changes.
  • X-ray crystallography to determine Z-DNA structure (post-1979).

Main Results:

  • Poly[d(G-C)] undergoes a cooperative isomerization from right-handed B-DNA to left-handed Z-DNA at high salt concentrations.
  • The left-handed Z-DNA crystal structure was determined in 1979.
  • Ongoing research includes Z*-DNA, Z-DNA-binding proteins, and modified DNA helices.

Conclusions:

  • The discovery of Z-DNA represents a significant shift in understanding DNA conformational flexibility.
  • Further research is needed on Z-DNA's biological roles and novel structural forms.