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Magnetic declination is the angle between true north, which aligns with the Earth's rotational axis, and magnetic north, which follows the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. This discrepancy exists because the magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic poles. The value of magnetic declination depends on the observer's location on Earth and is subject to changes over time due to the dynamic nature of the Earth's magnetic field.The declination is called eastern when magnetic north...
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Physics is concerned with the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time, in order to discover the underlying mechanisms that underpin all phenomena. The word "physics" comes from the Greek word "phúsis", which means nature. Physics seeks to comprehend the natural world around us at its most fundamental level. It emphasizes the use of quantitative laws to do this, which could be valuable in other fields that want to push the performance boundaries of present...
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In surveying, meridians are vital reference lines to measure directions and establish accurate land orientations. Meridians run from the north to the south poles, providing a stable framework for angular measurements and mapping. Meridians are fundamental in survey design, with the primary types being astronomic, magnetic, and assumed meridians. Each type offers distinct benefits and limitations, selected based on the project's scale and precision needs.The astronomic meridian is aligned with...
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Mars and the ESA Science Programme - the case for Mars polar science.

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Future European Space Agency (ESA) Mars exploration should focus on polar caps and climate change. Studying Martian ice records offers insights into planetary climate evolution and solar system volatile processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Climate Science
  • Astrobiology

Background:

  • Current European Space Agency (ESA) plans for Mars focus on the NASA-led Mars Sample Return (MSR) program.
  • This White Paper proposes scientific objectives for Mars investigation beyond the scope of the Human and Robotic Exploration Directorate's current plans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline key scientific objectives for future Mars investigations.
  • To propose a research theme focused on Martian polar caps and recent climate change.
  • To align these objectives with the ESA Science Programme.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Martian polar cap stratigraphy.
  • Modeling of climate change driven by orbital parameter oscillations.
  • Investigation of volatile-related dynamic processes.

Main Results:

  • Identification of scientific objectives achievable by Science Directorate missions.
  • A proposed research theme centered on Martian polar caps and Amazonian climate change.
  • Demonstration of consistency with ESA's Science Programme goals.

Conclusions:

  • Future ESA Mars science missions should prioritize the study of polar caps to understand climate history.
  • Investigating Martian climate evolution provides insights into broader solar system volatile processes.
  • These objectives align with and extend beyond current ESA Human and Robotic Exploration planning.