Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

596
Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
596
Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:16

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

2.5K
Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell membranes, and interact with intracellular target receptors. Lipophilic drugs have an advantage in crossing biological barriers and reaching their intended sites of action. However, lipophilic drugs often have a restricted capacity for renal expulsion or elimination from the body. When these drugs enter the kidneys and undergo glomerular...
2.5K
Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

285
Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...
285
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

3.9K
Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
3.9K
Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

264
Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
264
Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

93
Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
93

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Temporal Programming of Cell-Free Transcription Using Orthogonal Enzyme-Responsive DNA Blockers.

ACS synthetic biology·2026
Same author

Probiotic and Postbiotic Interactions of <i>Lactobacillus</i> Strains with <i>Candida albicans</i>: Antifungal Effects Through Microbial Competition.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Developing High-Efficiency Electroporation Protocols for Hard-To-Transform Halomonas spp.

Microbial biotechnology·2025
Same author

Deciphering Common Genetic Pathways to Antibiotic Resistance in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Using a MEGA-Plate Evolution System.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Biohydrogen production through dark fermentation of agricultural waste: Novel strain and feedstock characterisation.

Bioresource technology·2025
Same author

Establishing Halomonas as a chassis for industrial biotechnology: advances in synthetic biology tool development and metabolic engineering strategies.

Microbial cell factories·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota
13:35

Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota

Published on: May 23, 2025

528

New perspectives into Gluconobacter-catalysed biotransformations.

Magdalena Ripoll1, Jordy Alexis Lerma-Escalera2, José Rubén Morones-Ramírez2

  • 1Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Universidad ORT Uruguay, Mercedes 1237, 11100 Montevideo, Uruguay; Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.

Biotechnology Advances
|March 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Gluconobacter microorganisms perform incomplete oxidation of substrates, producing valuable chemicals for industrial biotechnology. Recent advancements in genetic engineering and bioreactor design enhance their efficiency and applications.

Keywords:
BiotransformationsGenetic engineeringGluconobacterGreen chemistryIndustrial biotechnologyProcess intensificationWhole-cell immobilisation

More Related Videos

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability
09:27

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Published on: April 22, 2016

17.5K
A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments
20:28

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

Published on: October 2, 2012

14.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota
13:35

Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota

Published on: May 23, 2025

528
Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability
09:27

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Published on: April 22, 2016

17.5K
A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments
20:28

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

Published on: October 2, 2012

14.2K

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Gluconobacter are aerobic microorganisms distinct for incomplete substrate oxidation, yielding valuable products.
  • Their unique metabolic capabilities and product secretion make them promising for industrial biotechnology.
  • Recent technological progress has focused on improving Gluconobacter strains and bioconversion processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in Gluconobacter-catalyzed biotransformations.
  • To highlight new tools and technologies for enhancing Gluconobacter applications.
  • To provide a comprehensive resource for researchers and biotechnologists.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on genetic and metabolic engineering of Gluconobacter.
  • Analysis of immobilization techniques and bioreactor designs for Gluconobacter processes.
  • In-depth examination of studies improving productivity and stability of Gluconobacter strains.

Main Results:

  • Significant improvements in Gluconobacter strain productivity and stability have been achieved.
  • New bioconversion pathways have been developed for producing marketable chemicals.
  • Advanced genetic tools and bioreactor strategies enhance biotransformation efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Gluconobacter hold significant potential for industrial biotechnology due to their unique metabolic pathways.
  • Ongoing research in genetic engineering, immobilization, and bioreactor design continues to expand their utility.
  • This review serves as a valuable resource for optimizing Gluconobacter-based bioprocesses.