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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Thyroid-Friendly Soft Materials as 3D Cell Culture Tool for Stimulating Thyroid Cell Function.

Indong Jun¹, Hyunki Cho¹, Sebastian E Amos²

¹Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST-EUROPE), 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|March 18, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid-friendly soft microspheres enhance thyroid cell aggregate function. These novel aggregates show increased sensitivity to thyroid inhibitors, offering a promising in vitro toxicity assessment tool.

Keywords:

3D cell culture alginate microspheres cell aggregate environmental hazard assessment thyroid toxicity

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Published on: July 30, 2015

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Toxicology
Cell Biology

Background:

Chemical exposure disrupts thyroid hormones, a significant health concern.
Traditional toxicity assessments rely on animal models, which have limitations.
3D cell cultures offer a promising alternative for evaluating chemical toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of thyroid-friendly soft (TS) microspheres on thyroid cell aggregates.
To evaluate the potential of TS-microsphere-integrated cell aggregates as a toxicity assessment tool.
To compare the sensitivity of these aggregates to thyroid inhibitors against traditional methods.

Main Methods:

Utilized state-of-the-art characterization techniques.
Employed cell-based analysis and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
Compared responses of TS-microsphere-integrated cell aggregates and zebrafish embryos to methimazole (MMI).

Main Results:

TS-microsphere-integrated thyroid cell aggregates demonstrated improved thyroid function.
These integrated aggregates showed a more sensitive response to methimazole (MMI) compared to zebrafish embryos and conventional cell aggregates.
The study provides a proof-of-concept for controlling cellular function for toxicity evaluation.

Conclusions:

TS-microsphere-integrated cell aggregates represent a novel and sensitive in vitro tool for thyroid toxicity assessment.
This approach offers potential for advancing cell-based research and understanding chemical impacts on thyroid function.
The findings may lead to new insights into in vitro cell-based research for environmental and human health risk evaluations.