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Avian influenza overview December 2022 - March 2023.

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b spread widely in European birds, with notable impacts on gulls. The virus showed potential for increased zoonotic transmission and poses ongoing risks to poultry and mammals.

    Keywords:
    HPAIavian influenzacaptive birdshumansmonitoringpoultrywild birds

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Virology
    • Epidemiology
    • Zoonotic Disease Surveillance

    Background:

    • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, caused significant mortality events in European domestic and wild birds between December 2022 and March 2023.
    • An unusual number of detections occurred in seabirds, particularly black-headed gulls, leading to large-scale die-offs across several European countries.
    • The virus demonstrated persistence in wild bird populations through summer and showed genetic links suggesting southward spread among gulls.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the epidemiological spread and genetic characteristics of HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe.
    • To assess the potential for increased zoonotic transmission and risks to poultry and mammals.
    • To monitor the global spread of HPAI A(H5N1) and related influenza strains.

    Main Methods:

    • Epidemiological data collection on HPAI A(H5N1) detections in domestic and wild birds across 24 European countries.
    • Genetic analysis of HPAI viruses to determine relationships, spread patterns, and potential for zoonotic adaptation.
    • Review of global HPAI A(H5N1) and A(H5N6) detections in wild birds, mammals, and humans.

    Main Results:

    • HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b was detected in 522 domestic and 1,138 wild birds in Europe, with seabirds, especially black-headed gulls, heavily affected.
    • Genetic analysis indicated southward spread among gulls and viral persistence in resident wild birds, with mutations suggesting increased zoonotic potential.
    • Widespread HPAI A(H5N1) spread occurred in the Americas, impacting species like the Peruvian pelican, and increased reports in mammals and humans globally.

    Conclusions:

    • The circulation of HPAI A(H5N1) in gull populations poses an increasing risk to poultry, especially as bird colonies move inland.
    • While the risk to the general EU/EEA population is low, it is moderate for exposed individuals, necessitating continued surveillance.
    • Global spread in wild birds, mammals, and sporadic human cases highlight the need for ongoing monitoring of avian influenza viruses.