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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Congenitally corrected transposition: not correct at all.

Katherine J DeWeert1, Timothy Lancaster2, Adam L Dorfman1,3

  • 1University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics.

Current Opinion in Cardiology
|April 5, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) management is evolving. Recent data suggest anatomic repair may offer better survival and fewer adverse outcomes compared to other strategies for ccTGA.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Background:

  • Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) is a rare congenital heart defect with ongoing debate regarding optimal management strategies.
  • Current options include anatomic repair, physiologic repair, and observation, each with distinct potential outcomes and risks.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes recent clinical data and practice patterns to inform decision-making for ccTGA.
  • Analysis focuses on outcomes comparing different surgical and non-surgical management approaches.

Key Points:

  • Recent data indicate a trend towards better survival and lower rates of systemic left ventricle dysfunction with anatomic repair in ccTGA patients.
  • Anatomic repair demonstrated a reduced hazard for composite adverse outcomes compared to observation.
  • High-volume, experienced congenital heart surgery centers are predominantly performing these complex procedures.

Conclusions:

  • Anatomic repair may offer superior outcomes compared to physiologic repair, despite both carrying significant morbidity.
  • While observation can yield good results for uncomplicated ccTGA, long-term right ventricular failure remains a concern.
  • Multicenter research is crucial for identifying risk factors and optimizing management for ccTGA patients, emphasizing the benefit of expert center care.