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Field Application of Global Positioning System01:28

Field Application of Global Positioning System

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device01:30

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Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...
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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Errors in Global Positioning System01:26

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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance.
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) revolutionized positioning on Earth, providing precise location data through satellite ranging. The GPS system was developed in 1978 by the U.S. Department of Defense  for military use, and it became available for civilian applications in 1983, transforming fields including navigation, fleet management, and time synchronization for telecommunications systems.GPS consists of satellites in medium Earth orbit, about 20,200 kilometers above the surface,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 3, 2025

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MobileSky: Real-Time Sky Replacement for Mobile AR.

Xinjie Wang, Qingxuan Lv, Guo Chen

    IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
    |April 8, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    MobileSky is the first real-time automatic sky replacement method for mobile augmented reality (AR) apps. It achieves high-quality, stable sky masks on smartphones, enabling new AR applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Computer Vision
    • Augmented Reality
    • Deep Learning

    Background:

    • Sky replacement is crucial for mobile AR applications.
    • Existing methods prioritize quality over real-time efficiency.
    • Accurate and fast sky region extraction is a key challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an automatic, real-time, high-quality sky replacement method for mobile AR.
    • To achieve spatially and temporally consistent sky mask maps.
    • To enable new AR applications through efficient sky segmentation.

    Main Methods:

    • Introduced FSNet, a novel deep semantic network for sky segmentation.
    • Implemented novel post-processing refinement steps.
    • Integrated IMU data for sky-aware constraints (temporal, position, color consistency).

    Main Results:

    • Achieved an average of 30 FPS on smartphones, outperforming state-of-the-art methods.
    • Demonstrated superior execution speed and sky replacement quality.
    • Produced visually stable sky mask maps across video frames.

    Conclusions:

    • MobileSky offers a fast and high-quality solution for real-time mobile sky replacement.
    • The method enables diverse applications in AR, art, and visual effects.
    • A new annotated dataset with IMU data was created to support future research.