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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

971
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
971
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.0K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.0K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.1K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
1.1K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.1K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.1K
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

1.5K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
1.5K
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

1.1K
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
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Constraints on Spin-Spin Velocity-Dependent Interactions.

Wei Ji1,2,3, Weipeng Li2, Pavel Fadeev1,3

  • 1Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|April 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers searched for exotic spin-dependent forces, potentially revealing new physics beyond the standard model. This experiment significantly improved limits on proton-electron interactions, advancing beyond prior research.

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Area of Science:

  • Fundamental Physics
  • Beyond Standard Model Physics
  • Experimental Particle Physics

Background:

  • Exotic spin-dependent forces are hypothesized to extend the Standard Model.
  • Detecting such forces could unveil new fundamental interactions.
  • Previous searches have had limited sensitivity over long ranges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To search for exotic long-range spin-spin velocity-dependent forces.
  • To set direct limits on proton-electron interactions.
  • To probe new physics beyond the Standard Model.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two iron-shielded SmCo5 electron-spin sources.
  • Employed two optically pumped magnetometers for detection.
  • Optimized sensor orientations to enhance signal and reduce noise.

Main Results:

  • Set direct limits on proton-electron interactions.
  • Covered a force range from 1 cm to 1 km.
  • Achieved over 10 orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • The experiment provides stringent constraints on exotic spin-dependent forces.
  • Results contribute to the ongoing search for new physics.
  • The methodology offers a path for future high-sensitivity force detection.