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Forgetting01:21

Forgetting

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Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
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Externalizing forgetting: Delay testing in a long operant chamber.

Catarina Soares1, Ana Sousa1, Carlos Pinto1

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Minho.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Learning and Cognition
|April 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Pigeons in a symbolic matching-to-sample task showed decreased accuracy with increased delay, shifting focus from sample stimuli to choice location. This indicates delay disrupts stimulus control in operant conditioning.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Animal Behavior
  • Operant Conditioning

Background:

  • Symbolic matching-to-sample tasks are crucial for understanding memory and choice behavior.
  • Investigating the impact of temporal delays on stimulus control is essential for cognitive models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the effect of delayed sample presentation on pigeon choice behavior.
  • To compare pigeon preferences and movement patterns in delayed versus no-sample trials.
  • To analyze how spatial location interacts with temporal delays in operant conditioning.

Main Methods:

  • Pigeons were trained on a symbolic matching-to-sample task with varying sample durations (4-s vs. 12-s).
  • Delay and no-sample test trials were introduced, with varied spatial locations for trials and comparisons.
  • Analysis included pigeons' choice preferences and detailed movement patterns within the operant chamber.

Main Results:

  • Pigeons initially moved to the correct comparison location, but accuracy decreased with increasing delay.
  • During delay testing, pigeons moved to the chamber's middle, irrespective of trial or comparison location.
  • No-sample delayed testing revealed a preference for the short-sample comparison, coupled with movement to the middle.

Conclusions:

  • Introducing a delay disrupts stimulus control by the sample, shifting control to the choice location.
  • Spatial location becomes a dominant factor when temporal information is degraded by delay.
  • Movement patterns reflect adaptive strategies influenced by delay and outcome certainty in pigeons.