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Related Concept Videos

Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
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NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing
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Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing

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Recent progress in leptin signaling from a structural perspective and its implications for diseases.

Xiao Fan1, Wensu Yuan1, Weidong Huang2

  • 1School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.

Biochimie
|April 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Leptin, a key cytokine for energy balance, impacts metabolic health and aging. Understanding leptin signaling mechanisms is crucial for addressing obesity and age-related diseases.

Keywords:
LeptinLeptin receptorMetabolic diseasesSignaling

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Leptin is a vital cytokine regulating weight, energy homeostasis, and metabolic balance.
  • It is a 16 kDa helical protein that signals through receptor interactions.
  • Dysfunctional leptin signaling is linked to obesity, metabolic disorders, and elderly diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in the structural and molecular mechanisms of leptin signaling.
  • To deepen the understanding of leptin's role in various diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on structural and molecular aspects of leptin-receptor interactions.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways initiated by leptin binding.

Main Results:

  • Leptin's multi-potency and its interaction with multiple receptor subtypes.
  • Elucidation of intracellular signal transduction pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding leptin signaling mechanisms is essential for developing therapeutic strategies for metabolic and age-related diseases.
  • Further research into leptin's structural and molecular functions can illuminate disease pathologies.