Diuretics in Different Samples: Update on the Pretreatment and Analysis Techniques

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Forensic Science
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Diuretics promote water and electrolyte excretion, used clinically for edema and hypertension.
• The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) bans diuretics in sports to ensure fair competition.
• Accurate, rapid, and sensitive detection methods are essential for monitoring athlete drug concentrations and ensuring fair play.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review sample pretreatment and detection techniques for diuretics since 2015.
• To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of various analytical methods.
• To discuss future prospects in diuretic detection methodologies.

Main Methods:

• Sample pretreatment techniques reviewed include liquid-liquid extraction, liquid-phase microextraction, solid-phase extraction, and solid-phase microextraction.
• Determination methods discussed encompass liquid chromatography, fluorescent spectroscopy, electrochemical sensors, and capillary electrophoresis.
• The review analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each technique.

Main Results:

• A wide array of pretreatment and determination techniques have been developed and refined since 2015.
• Various methods offer different balances of sensitivity, selectivity, speed, and complexity.
• Liquid chromatography and electrochemical sensors are prominent methods for diuretic detection.

Conclusions:

• Effective sample preparation and sensitive analytical techniques are vital for detecting banned diuretics in sports.
• Continued development is needed to enhance the speed, accuracy, and accessibility of these detection methods.
• Future research should focus on innovative approaches for more efficient and reliable diuretic analysis in anti-doping efforts.