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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
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The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
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Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and FibroScan are valuable diagnostic tools in gastroenterology and hepatology, each with specific applications and techniques.
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The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: 2026 Adult Heart Transplantation: A contemporary analysis of trends and outcomes by recipient sex.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Laparoscopic Anatomical Liver Segment VII Resection with Liver Parenchymal Transection Following a Priority Approach
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OPTN/SRTR 2021 Annual Data Report: Liver.

Allison J Kwong1, Noelle H Ebel2, W Ray Kim3

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|May 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Liver transplant volume reached a record high in 2021. While survival outcomes worsened short-term due to COVID-19, long-term results remained stable, with pediatric recipients showing superior survival.

Keywords:
Liver transplantallocationdistributionwaiting list

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Area of Science:

  • Transplantation Medicine
  • Hepatology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Liver transplant volume in the United States reached a record 9,234 in 2021.
  • Alcohol-associated liver disease and biliary atresia were leading indications for adult and pediatric liver transplants, respectively.
  • Allocation policy changes in 2019 impacted liver transplant indications and outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze liver transplant trends, indications, and outcomes in the United States in 2021.
  • To evaluate the impact of allocation policies and the COVID-19 pandemic on liver transplantation.
  • To compare short-term and long-term graft and patient survival rates.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of national liver transplant data from 2021.
  • Comparison of outcomes based on donor type (deceased vs. living) and recipient age (adult vs. pediatric).
  • Assessment of pretransplant mortality and posttransplant survival rates.

Main Results:

  • A record 9,234 liver transplants were performed, with 93.8% from deceased donors.
  • Short-term graft and patient survival worsened in 2021, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Long-term outcomes for adult deceased donor recipients remained unaffected; pediatric recipients showed improved pretransplant mortality and superior survival with living donors.

Conclusions:

  • Liver transplant volume continues to grow, but short-term outcomes were negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Allocation policies and donor-recipient matching strategies influence transplant outcomes.
  • Pediatric liver transplant recipients, particularly those from living donors, experience better survival rates.