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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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Microcrystal Electron Diffraction of Small Molecules
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Microcrystal Electron Diffraction of Small Molecules

Published on: March 15, 2021

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Electron crystallography and dedicated electron-diffraction instrumentation.

Petra Simoncic1, Eva Romeijn1, Eric Hovestreydt1

  • 1Eldico Scientific AG, PARK INNOVAARE: delivery LAB, Villigen, Aargau5234, Switzerland.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic Communications
|May 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Electron diffraction (ED) is revolutionizing nano-crystallography for crystals under 1 micrometer. Dedicated instruments like the Eldico ED-1 enable precise characterization of small crystals, advancing chemical and materials research.

Keywords:
3D electron diffraction3D electron diffraction, nano crystallography, instrumentation, electron diffractometerelectron diffractometerinstrumentationnano crystallography

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Electron diffraction (ED) is emerging as a powerful technique in science and industry.
  • Its application in nano-crystallography allows analysis of crystals smaller than 1 micrometer.
  • This capability offers new research avenues for chemical, pharmaceutical, and advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the growing importance and capabilities of electron diffraction.
  • To showcase the advantages of dedicated instrumentation for ED experiments.
  • To demonstrate the potential of the Eldico ED-1 diffractometer through practical examples.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing electron diffraction (ED) for nano-crystallography on sub-micrometer crystals.
  • Employing dedicated instrumentation, including ultra-high-speed detectors and a high-precision goniometer.
  • Collecting ED data in continuous rotation mode with a horizontal diffractometer layout.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the capability to measure nanometer-sized crystals, complementary to other diffraction methods.
  • Showcased four examples of data collected on the Eldico ED-1.
  • Achieved R-values comparable to X-ray data through kinematic refinement.

Conclusions:

  • Dedicated electron diffractometers are crucial for the advancement of ED technology.
  • The Eldico ED-1 facilitates advanced nano-crystallography, including analysis of multiple reciprocal lattices and absolute structure determination.
  • Electron diffraction provides valuable, complementary structural information for diverse chemical and material compounds.