Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

System of Memory

System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Anion-Engineered Organic Electrochemical Transistors With Multi-Timescale Synaptic Dynamics for Task-Adaptive Spiking Neural Networks.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Same author

Coupled dual-channel memristors for hardware-native trustworthy Bayesian intelligence.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Bio-Inspired Full-Spectrum Bidirectional Optoelectronic Synaptic Transistor for In-Sensor Neuromorphic Vision.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026

Same author

Unveiling the roles of device structure and driving frequency in mitigating crosstalk effects in nanopixel light-emitting displays.

Microsystems & nanoengineering·2026

Same author

Temperature/pH Dual-Responsive Hydrogels: Research Progress in Preparation Methods, Structural Design Strategies and Biomedical Applications.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Interfacial Engineering of Quantum Dot-Decorated FeOOH Coupled with TiO<sub>2</sub> Particles for Environmentally Adaptive and Energy-Efficient Electrophoretic Displays.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Multi-Fiber Photometry to Record Neural Activity in Freely-Moving Animals

Multi-Fiber Photometry to Record Neural Activity in Freely-Moving Animals

Published on: October 20, 2019

A sensory memory processing system with multi-wavelength synaptic-polychromatic light emission for multi-modal

Liuting Shan^1,2, Qizhen Chen^1,2,3, Rengjian Yu^1,2

¹Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.

Nature Communications

|May 8, 2023

Summary

This study introduces an efficient sensory memory processing system (SMPS) for advanced artificial intelligence. The SMPS enables high-performance multi-modal recognition with a simple structure, processing sensory information and outputting light for diverse applications.

More Related Videos

Automated Multimodal Stimulation and Simultaneous Neuronal Recording from Multiple Small Organisms

Automated Multimodal Stimulation and Simultaneous Neuronal Recording from Multiple Small Organisms

Published on: March 3, 2023

Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Published on: October 8, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Multi-Fiber Photometry to Record Neural Activity in Freely-Moving Animals

Multi-Fiber Photometry to Record Neural Activity in Freely-Moving Animals

Published on: October 20, 2019

Automated Multimodal Stimulation and Simultaneous Neuronal Recording from Multiple Small Organisms

Automated Multimodal Stimulation and Simultaneous Neuronal Recording from Multiple Small Organisms

Published on: March 3, 2023

Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Published on: October 8, 2014

Area of Science:

Artificial Intelligence
Neuromorphic Engineering
Photonics

Background:

Multi-modal information recognition is crucial for AI but hindered by complex traditional architectures.
Current systems often require separate, intricate modules for memory and processing, limiting efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an efficient sensory memory processing system (SMPS) for high-performance multi-modal recognition.
To overcome the limitations of traditional CMOS architectures in integrated sensory processing and memory.

Main Methods:

Proposed an efficient sensory memory processing system (SMPS).
Engineered the SMPS to process sensory information and generate synapse-like, multi-wavelength light-emitting output.
Demonstrated parallel optical multi-information output for simultaneous recognition tasks.

Main Results:

The SMPS achieved high accuracy in recognizing dynamic step frequency (99.5%) and spatial positioning (98.2%) simultaneously.
Exhibited robustness in information encoding and transmission with multi-level color responses for visible information display.
The system demonstrated intuitive implementation of multi-level pain warning processes.

Conclusions:

The proposed SMPS offers a simple, robust, and efficient solution for multi-modal information recognition.
Its unique optical parallel output simplifies system design compared to conventional approaches.
The SMPS shows significant promise for future sensory-neuromorphic photonic systems and interactive AI.