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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

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The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
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Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
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Workflow Based on the Combination of Isotopic Tracer Experiments to Investigate Microbial Metabolism of Multiple Nutrient Sources
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Developing rumen mimicry process for biological ammonia synthesis.

Adewale Adeniyi1, Ibrahim Bello2, Taofeek Mukaila1

  • 1Environmental and Conservation Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA.

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering
|May 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers mimicked rumen microbes to create bio-ammonia from soybeans. Processing soybeans into isolates or hydrolysates significantly boosted ammonia production, offering a low CO2 footprint for industrial applications.

Keywords:
Bio-ammoniaFermentationHyper-ammonia-producing bacteriaProtein biomassSoybean processing

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemical Engineering

Background:

  • Ruminant rumen harbors hyper-ammonia-producing bacteria (HAB) that efficiently produce ammonia with minimal energy.
  • Industrial ammonia production typically has a significant carbon dioxide (CO2) footprint.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a mimicry process for bio-ammonia production using rumen microbes.
  • To evaluate the efficiency of fermenting different soybean substrates for bio-ammonia generation.
  • To assess the potential for low CO2 footprint industrial ammonia synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Fermentation of soybean (SYB), soybean protein isolate (SPI), and pepsin-hydrolysate (HP) using rumen microbes.
  • Quantification of bio-ammonia production (ammonia and ammonium).
  • Metagenomic analysis to identify dominant HAB populations.

Main Results:

  • Maximum bio-ammonia yields: 0.65 g/L (SYB), 1.2 g/L (SPI), and 1.1 g/L (HP).
  • Processing SYB to SPI and HP significantly increased bio-ammonia production (p < 0.05).
  • Pepsin-hydrolysate (HP) showed faster conversion to bio-ammonia than SPI, indicating enhanced efficiency via enzymatic hydrolysis.
  • Metagenomic analysis identified Klebsiella quasivariicola (73%) as the dominant HAB.

Conclusions:

  • Mimicking rumen fermentation offers a viable route for bio-ammonia production.
  • Enzymatic hydrolysis and processing of soybean substrates enhance bio-ammonia yield and efficiency.
  • This bioprocessing approach presents a sustainable alternative for industrial ammonia production with a reduced CO2 footprint.