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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

1.1K
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.1K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.1K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
1.1K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.0K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.0K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

1.0K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements
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Tunable longitudinal spin-orbit separation of complex vector modes.

Xiao-Bo Hu, Bo Zhao, Rui-Pin Chen

    Optics Letters
    |May 15, 2023
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers demonstrate longitudinal spin-orbit separation of complex vector modes using circular Airy Gaussian vortex vector (CAGVV) modes. This controllable separation allows for distinct focusing planes, enabling new optical manipulation applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Quantum Optics
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Complex vector modes offer diverse applications, necessitating flexible manipulation of their properties.
    • Spin-orbit separation is a key phenomenon for controlling light polarization and spatial modes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate longitudinal spin-orbit separation of complex vector modes in free space.
    • To investigate the use of circular Airy Gaussian vortex vector (CAGVV) modes for this phenomenon.
    • To show that this separation can be controlled by adjusting mode parameters.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized circular Airy Gaussian vortex vector (CAGVV) modes, known for their self-focusing properties.
    • Engineered strong coupling between orthogonal polarization components by manipulating intrinsic CAGVV mode parameters.
    • Performed numerical simulations and experimental corroboration.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved longitudinal spin-orbit separation of complex vector modes.
    • Demonstrated that one polarization component focuses at a different plane than the other.
    • Showed that the separation is adjustable on-demand by changing initial CAGVV mode parameters.

    Conclusions:

    • The demonstrated spin-orbit separation of complex vector modes is controllable and tunable.
    • This technique has significant potential for applications like optical tweezers, enabling manipulation of particles at two distinct planes.