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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering that insulates the axon of a neuron, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Axons without this sheath are referred to as unmyelinated. Two types of neuroglia, Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for producing myelin sheaths.
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Language Exposure and Brain Myelination in Early Development.

Laia Fibla1,2, Samuel H Forbes3, Jordan McCarthy1

  • 1School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|May 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early language exposure and socioeconomic status significantly impact infant brain development. Children with more adult language input and from higher socioeconomic backgrounds show increased myelination in language-related brain areas by 30 months.

Keywords:
LENAMRISESbrain developmentlanguage input

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Childhood language environment influences language abilities and brain development.
  • Early impacts of language environment and socioeconomic status (SES) on brain structure are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the effects of early language environment and SES on infant brain structure.
  • Examine the relationship between Language Environment Analysis (LENA) measures, SES, and brain myelination at 6 and 30 months.

Main Methods:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to quantify myelin concentrations in brain fiber tracts.
  • In-home audio recordings analyzed using Language Environment Analysis (LENA) system.
  • Socioeconomic status (SES) assessed via maternal education levels.

Main Results:

  • Increased in-home adult language input at 30 months correlated with greater myelination in language-associated white matter tracts.
  • Socioeconomic status (SES) showed associations with myelin concentrations in right hemisphere language-related areas.
  • Combined factors of high SES and rich language environment predicted greater myelination in older infants.

Conclusions:

  • Early language exposure and socioeconomic status are critical factors in early brain development.
  • Findings highlight the neurobiological impact of environmental factors on developing language networks.
  • Suggests potential for early interventions to support language and cognitive development.