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    Area of Science:

    • Tensor Decomposition
    • Multilinear Algebra
    • Machine Learning

    Background:

    • Low-rank (LR) tensor recovery is crucial in various fields.
    • Existing methods often struggle with multiorientational correlations and local structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel bilayer low-rankness measure for enhanced tensor recovery.
    • To develop models that capture both global and local low-rank properties in N-way tensors (N ≥ 3).

    Main Methods:

    • Encoding global low rankness via LR matrix factorizations (MFs) on all-mode matricizations.
    • Introducing a double nuclear norm scheme to explore second-layer low rankness in decomposed subspaces.
    • Utilizing a block successive upper-bound minimization (BSUM) algorithm for optimization.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed methods successfully model multiorientational correlations in arbitrary N-way tensors.
    • Experimental results demonstrate superior recovery of LR tensors from fewer samples compared to counterparts.
    • Convergence analysis shows the algorithm converges to coordinatewise minimizers under mild conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel bilayer low-rankness measure and associated models offer a significant advancement in LR tensor recovery.
    • The approach effectively addresses limitations of existing methods by capturing complex tensor structures.
    • The BSUM algorithm provides a robust and convergent solution for the proposed optimization problems.