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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:17

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Optimal Forearm Position Allowing Maximum Hand Function: A Quasi-experimental Study in Adolescent Children.

Vishnu Baburaj1, Nirmal Raj Gopinathan1, Nitin Koundal2

  • 1Chandigarh, 160012 India Department of Orthopaedics, PGIMER.

Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
|May 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The mid-prone position offers the best overall upper-limb function for forearm fusion. For simultaneous fusion, the dominant arm should be mid-prone and the non-dominant arm 45° supinated.

Keywords:
Forearm arthrodesisForearm rotationIdeal forearm positionOne bone forearmPronationSollerman’s hand function testSupinationSynostosis

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Rehabilitation medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Forearm fusion (arthrodesis) is often necessary for congenital/acquired upper-limb disorders.
  • Optimal forearm position for maximum upper-limb function remains debated.
  • Existing evidence is limited, often relying on personal preference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the ideal forearm position for maximum upper-limb function.
  • To investigate optimal fusion positions for both dominant and non-dominant limbs.
  • To provide evidence-based guidance for forearm arthrodesis.

Main Methods:

  • 15 healthy adolescents participated in the study.
  • Custom adjustable braces simulated forearm arthrodesis in five positions.
  • Sollerman's hand function test assessed functional outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The mid-prone position yielded the best overall function for unilateral and bilateral upper limbs.
  • For bilateral fusion, dominant limb in mid-prone and non-dominant in 45° supination is recommended.
  • Limb dominance influences optimal positioning for bilateral, but not unilateral, fusion.

Conclusions:

  • The ideal forearm fusion position is mid-prone for unilateral cases, regardless of limb dominance.
  • Bilateral forearm fusion requires consideration of limb dominance for optimal functional outcomes.
  • This study provides evidence to guide surgical decisions in forearm reconstruction.