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Updated: Jul 29, 2025

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection
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A massive quiescent galaxy at redshift 4.658.

Adam C Carnall1, Ross J McLure2, James S Dunlop2

  • 1Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, UK. adam.carnall@ed.ac.uk.

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|May 22, 2023
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Summary

Astronomers discovered a massive quiescent galaxy, GS-9209, just 1.25 billion years after the Big Bang. This galaxy rapidly formed stars before quenching, challenging galaxy formation models.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmic history
  • Galaxy formation and evolution
  • Early universe astrophysics

Background:

  • The rapid assembly of early galaxies challenges current galaxy formation physics.
  • The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) confirmed numerous early galaxies, exacerbating this puzzle.
  • Massive quiescent galaxies, formed rapidly and then ceasing star formation, have been observed surprisingly early in cosmic history.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To spectroscopically confirm the existence of massive quiescent galaxies at very early cosmic times.
  • To investigate the properties and formation history of such extreme early galaxies.
  • To understand the implications for galaxy formation models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the JWST Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) for spectroscopic observations.
  • Analyzed spectral data to confirm redshift and infer galaxy properties.
  • Determined stellar mass and star formation history.

Main Results:

  • Spectroscopic confirmation of a massive quiescent galaxy, GS-9209, at redshift z = 4.658 (1.25 billion years after the Big Bang).
  • Inferred stellar mass of 3.8 ± 0.2 × 10^10 M☉.
  • Determined that GS-9209 formed stars rapidly over ~200 Myr before quenching when the Universe was ~800 Myr old.

Conclusions:

  • GS-9209 represents a massive quiescent galaxy formed extremely early in the universe.
  • This finding provides crucial observational evidence for rapid galaxy assembly and quenching.
  • The galaxy is a potential link between early high-redshift objects and massive local galaxies.