3D printed solid phase microextraction scaffolds as novel tool for sample preparation; application in antifungal
Hadiseh Rezaei1, Amir Abbas Matin1, Saleh Vahdati-Khajeh2
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
Summary
Novel 3D printed scaffolds effectively extract antifungal drugs from wastewater and plasma. This innovative solid-phase microextraction method enhances drug analysis using HPLC-UV, offering sensitive detection limits.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Materials Science
- Environmental Science
Background:
- Antifungal drug residues in wastewater and biological samples pose environmental and health concerns.
- Accurate determination of antifungal drugs requires efficient extraction techniques.
- Limitations exist in current solid-phase microextraction sorbents for complex matrices.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate a novel 3D printed solid-phase microextraction (SPME) scaffold for antifungal drug extraction.
- To investigate the use of Polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds modified via alkali treatment.
- To determine the analytical performance for extracting ketoconazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole from wastewater and human plasma.
Main Methods:
- Fabrication of cubic scaffolds using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing with PLA.
- Surface modification of scaffolds using alkaline ammonia solution and optimization of treatment time.
- Characterization using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Water Contact Angle (WCA), and N2 adsorption/desorption analysis.
- Optimization of extraction parameters including time, desorption solvent, pH, temperature, and salt concentration.
Main Results:
- Optimized alkali treatment time was found to be 4 hours.
- FE-SEM and ATR-FTIR confirmed surface morphology changes and chemical modification.
- Optimal conditions yielded low limits of detection (LOD) of 3.10 µg L⁻¹ and quantification (LOQ) of 10.0 µg L⁻¹.
- Linear calibration curves were established for antifungal drugs in both wastewater and plasma matrices.
Conclusions:
- 3D printed PLA scaffolds, chemically modified by alkali treatment, represent a novel and effective sorbent for SPME.
- The developed method demonstrates high efficiency for extracting target antifungal drugs from complex samples like wastewater and human plasma.
- This approach offers a promising analytical tool for monitoring antifungal drug contamination and for pharmacokinetic studies.
