3D printing in analytical sample Preparation: A critical review of emerging tools, advantages, and challenges

Sample preparation is a pivotal step in analytical chemistry that directly affects the accuracy, sensitivity, and efficiency of analytical methods. The use of emerging and modern technologies to optimize and advance various analytical sample preparation methods is a concern of a wide range of researchers in various scientific fields. Meanwhile, recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, by enabling the rapid fabrication of customized, cost-effective, and functional sample preparation devices, have paved the way for the development of specialized and optimized tools in research and industrial laboratories. With the ability to effectively connect digital design with practical application, 3D printing technology makes it possible to create new designs and shapes of fibers, adsorbents, and extraction tools. This enables the customization of sample preparation tools tailored to the needs of the analysis. This synergy between advanced manufacturing and analytical science opens up new horizons for faster method development and easier access to analytical solutions. Ultimately, these advances improve the accuracy, speed, and reproducibility of analytical processes, enabling more complex and diverse experiments. In addition to improving operational efficiency, these technologies also contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing material waste and enabling on-demand manufacturing. This comprehensive review critically examines the application of 3D printing in the field of analytical sample preparation, with an emphasis on emerging innovations. By highlighting recent advances and identifying existing research gaps, this review aims to guide future efforts towards using 3D printing as a transformative tool in the evolution of sample preparation methods in analytical chemistry.