Arsenic release dynamics of paddy field soil during groundwater irrigation and natural flooding

Irrigation water in rice cultivation significantly affects the arsenic (As) mobilization in the paddy field soil. This research assessed the effect of rainwater (RW) and groundwater (GW) on the dissolution dynamics of arsenic (As) in paddy field soil. Up-flow column flooding experiments were conducted continuously for 80 d with simulated RW and GW to evaluate As dissolution phenomena in actual field conditions. Arsenic dissolution from the soil was lower in GW (309 μg/kg) irrigation than in RW flooding conditions (1086 μg/kg). The redox potential (Eh) of the soil pore water decreased, and pH increased over-irrigation time in both flooding conditions. The dissolution of arsenic (As) and iron (Fe) in the soil pore increased, while the dissolution of manganese (Mn) decreased over flooding time. The release of As in the soil pore water was attributed to the dissolution of Fe-As and Mn-As minerals and microbial reduction of As. Fe-As dissolution ratios in the soil pore water were relatively low and estimated as 0.68 mol/mol and 4.9 mol/mol for RW and GW, respectively. The dissolution of As and Mn dominated in the initial phase (0-40 d) of flooding, while the dissolution of As and Fe dominated in the second phase (40-80 d). The release of As was much lower in GW flooding than in RW flooding conditions. The Presence of Ca, Mg, and Mn in the GW facilitated the reduction of As dissolution by precipitating Ca-As and Mg-As and the oxidizing dissolved Mn in the soil pore water. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of As release during monsoon flooding and groundwater flooding to assess the potential risks of As contamination in rice grown in paddy field soils.