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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

19.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.0K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
42.0K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

17.3K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
17.3K
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

4.4K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
4.4K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

17.7K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Correlation of Interface Interdiffusion and Skyrmionic Phases.

Pamela C Carvalho1, Ivan P Miranda2, Jeovani Brandão3

  • 1Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, Rua do Matão, 1371, São Paulo 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil.

Nano Letters
|May 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metastable magnetic skyrmions, crucial for spintronics, can form in symmetric multilayers due to defects enhancing Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). These skyrmions are stable near room temperature without external fields.

Keywords:
DMIinterdiffusionskyrmionssymmetric layers

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin textures with potential for advanced spintronic devices.
  • The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) typically stabilizes skyrmions in systems lacking inversion symmetry.
  • Understanding skyrmion formation in symmetric systems is key to novel device design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the possibility of metastable skyrmionic states in nominally symmetric multilayered systems.
  • To explore the role of local defects in enhancing DMI and stabilizing skyrmions.
  • To demonstrate field-free and near-room-temperature stable skyrmions in specific material systems.

Main Methods:

  • First-principles calculations to determine electronic and magnetic properties.
  • Atomistic spin dynamics simulations to model magnetic behavior.
  • Experimental validation using magnetic force microscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism.

Main Results:

  • Metastable skyrmionic states were identified in Pd/Co/Pd multilayers, which are nominally symmetric.
  • A significant enhancement of DMI strength was observed, correlated with the presence of local defects.
  • Skyrmions were found to be stable without external magnetic fields and near room temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Local defects in symmetric multilayers can induce significant DMI, enabling skyrmion formation.
  • Pd/Co/Pd multilayers offer a promising platform for stable, field-free skyrmions at accessible temperatures.
  • Interdiffusion at interfaces provides a method to tune DMI strength for spintronic applications.