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Updated: Jul 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Development of a Minimally Invasive Large-Animal Model for Reliable and Reproducible Cardiovascular Research
Published on: October 20, 2023
Is There Still a Role for Invasive Assessment of Aortic Gradient?
Domenico Angellotti1, Maddalena Immobile Molaro1, Fiorenzo Simonetti1
1Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
Abstract:
Advances in technology and imaging have expanded the range of tools for diagnosing aortic stenosis (AS). The accurate assessment of aortic valve area and mean pressure gradient is crucial to determine which patients are appropriate candidates for aortic valve replacement. Nowadays, these values can be obtained noninvasively or invasively, with similar results. Contrariwise, in the past, cardiac catheterization played a major role in the evaluation of AS severity. In this review, we will discuss the historical role of the invasive assessment of AS. Moreover, we will specifically focus on tips and tricks for properly performing cardiac catheterization in patients with AS. We will also elucidate the role of invasive methods in current clinical practice and their additional value to the information provided through non-invasive techniques.
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Assessment of apical radial pulse
The A-R pulse assessment involves simultaneous evaluation of the apical and radial pulses. When the apical and radial pulse rates vary, this assessment helps identify a pulse deficit.
Pre-Procedural Preparation

