Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

1.7K
Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
1.7K
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

2.6K
Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
2.6K
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

2.4K
The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
2.4K
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

60.7K
The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
60.7K
Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

108
Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Adrenaline triggers the...
108
Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

12
Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
12

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hormones, hormesis, and holistic obesity care.

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association·2026
Same author

Efficacy and Safety of the Dual Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Glucagon Receptor Agonist Mazdutide in Predominantly Chinese Adults With Obesity and/or Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026
Same author

Achondroplasia management in the era of targeted therapies: a meta-analysis of C-type natriuretic peptide analogs.

Journal of the Endocrine Society·2026
Same author

The CKD-OSTEO Score: A Chronic Kidney Disease-specific Tool for Osteoporosis Risk Stratification.

TouchREVIEWS in endocrinology·2026
Same author

Safety and efficacy of lorundrostat, an aldosterone synthase inhibitor, in patients with uncontrolled hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Medicine·2026
Same author

Baro-Cybernetics Involvement.

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 29, 2025

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

23.5K

Adrenal Failure: An Evidence-Based Diagnostic Approach.

Salomi Shaikh1, Lakshmi Nagendra2, Shehla Shaikh3

  • 1KGN Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Mumbai 400001, India.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing adrenal insufficiency (AI) involves clinical assessment and lab tests like serum cortisol and ACTH. This review updates the diagnostic evaluation for AI, including emerging causes like immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Keywords:
adrenal failureadrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)cortisolprimary adrenal insufficiency (PAI)secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI)

More Related Videos

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids
08:02

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Published on: April 25, 2016

9.7K
Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
04:33

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 29, 2025

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

23.5K
Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids
08:02

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Published on: April 25, 2016

9.7K
Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
04:33

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Adrenal insufficiency (AI) diagnosis requires high suspicion and thorough evaluation.
  • Clinical presentation of AI varies widely, from subtle symptoms to adrenal crisis.
  • Secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI) typically involves glucocorticoid deficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an evidence-based review of the current diagnostic evaluation for adrenal insufficiency (AI).
  • To highlight key diagnostic tests and emerging causes of AI.
  • To guide clinicians in the accurate diagnosis of AI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and diagnostic guidelines for adrenal insufficiency.
  • Analysis of laboratory tests including basal serum cortisol, ACTH levels, and cosyntropin stimulation tests.
  • Evaluation of antibody testing (e.g., 21-hydroxylase antibodies) and imaging techniques.

Main Results:

  • Basal serum cortisol (<140 nmol/L) and ACTH levels are initial diagnostic tests.
  • Cosyntropin stimulation test confirms AI diagnosis; newer assays refine cut-off points.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are an emerging cause of AI, necessitating close monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate AI diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion, drug history, and appropriate laboratory testing.
  • Testing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, imaging, and ruling out systemic causes are crucial.
  • Understanding emerging causes like ICI-induced AI is vital for comprehensive patient care.