Dysregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in postnatal bone elongation

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a critical modulator of cell growth and survival, making it a central part of maintaining essentially every biological system in the body. Knowledge of the intricate mechanisms involved in activating IGF-1 signaling is not only key to understanding basic processes of growth and development, but also for addressing diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. This brief review explores how dysregulation of normal IGF-1 signaling can impact growth by examining its role in postnatal bone elongation. IGF-1 actions are dysregulated in autoimmune diseases, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and chronic kidney disease, which results in growth stunting. Conversely, childhood obesity results in growth acceleration, premature growth cessation, and ultimately, diminished bone quality, while systemic IGF-1 levels remain normal. Understanding the role of IGF-1 signaling in normal and dysregulated growth can add to other studies that address how this system regulates chronic diseases.