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Related Concept Videos

Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

184
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
184
Pore Size Distribution01:23

Pore Size Distribution

174
In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...
174
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

206
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
206
Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

278
The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
278
Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

124
The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
124
Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

139
Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
139

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way
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Diffusion potentials in saturated hardened cement paste upon chloride exposure.

Elke Ziehensack1, Sylvia Keßler2, Ueli Angst3

  • 1Centre for Building Materials, Technical University of Munich, Franz-Langinger-Straße 10, 81245 Munich, Germany.

Materials and Structures
|May 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Diffusion potentials in cement pastes can affect corrosion studies. This research clarifies their behavior, finding small potentials due to high pH, but notes pH differences can interfere with measurements.

Keywords:
ChlorideConcreteDiffusion potentialHardened cement pastePermselective behaviorpH

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Experimental Protocol to Determine the Chloride Threshold Value for Corrosion in Samples Taken from Reinforced Concrete Structures
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Experimental Protocol to Determine the Chloride Threshold Value for Corrosion in Samples Taken from Reinforced Concrete Structures
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Civil Engineering

Background:

  • Diffusion potentials significantly impact corrosion assessments in reinforced concrete, necessitating a deeper understanding in cement-based materials.
  • Permselectivity in cementitious materials influences ion transport and the resulting diffusion potentials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the permselective behavior of cement pastes and its effect on diffusion potentials under imposed NaCl gradients.
  • To analyze ion concentration profiles and correlate them with measured diffusion potentials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a diffusion cell to study hardened ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and blast furnace cement (BFC) pastes.
  • Employed laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for high-resolution (100 µm) determination of Cl, Na, K, and Ca concentration profiles.
  • Measured diffusion potentials across cement paste samples with varying water-cement ratios (0.30-0.70).

Main Results:

  • Blast furnace cement (BFC) pastes exhibited distinct Cl- and Na+ mobilities, indicating permselectivity.
  • Despite permselectivity, measured diffusion potentials were small (-6 to +3 mV) across all pastes due to high pore solution pH (13-14).
  • pH differences across the diffusion cell setup were found to interfere with accurate diffusion potential measurements.

Conclusions:

  • High pH levels in cementitious materials mitigate diffusion potentials, but pH gradients can introduce measurement errors.
  • Accurate measurement of diffusion potentials in cement pastes requires careful consideration and control of pH differences.
  • Understanding ion mobility and permselectivity is crucial for reliable corrosion monitoring in concrete structures.