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Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

395
The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
395
Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:27

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

289
Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
In Schottky junctions, where the semiconductor is n-type, applying a positive voltage to the metal relative to the semiconductor reduces its Fermi...
289

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source
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Efficient adiabatic-coupler-based silicon nitride waveguide crossings for photonic quantum computing.

Timo Sommer, Nirav Mange, Peter Wegmann

    Optics Letters
    |June 1, 2023
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    Summary

    Efficient adiabatic waveguide crossings (WgX) are demonstrated for optical quantum computing. These crossings offer improved performance over traditional couplers, enabling high-fidelity quantum operations with low insertion loss.

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    Area of Science:

    • Integrated photonics
    • Quantum computing
    • Waveguide technology

    Background:

    • Optical quantum computing protocols, such as those using dual-rail encoding, necessitate waveguide crossings for essential gate operations like SWAP and Toffoli.
    • Existing waveguide crossing designs present challenges in spectral working range and stability against fabrication variations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate efficient adiabatic waveguide crossings for integrated optical quantum computing.
    • To characterize the performance of these crossings, focusing on coupling, insertion loss, and operational fidelity.

    Main Methods:

    • Simulations were employed to elucidate the working principle of adiabatic crossings.
    • Test circuits utilizing silicon nitride (SiN) were fabricated to experimentally assess coupling performance and insertion loss.
    • Insertion loss was measured using both direct transmission measurements and incorporation into microring resonators.

    Main Results:

    • Adiabatic waveguide crossings (WgX) exhibit superior spectral working range and fabrication variance stability compared to normal directional couplers.
    • The microring resonator method proved highly effective for characterizing low-loss photonic components.
    • The lowest achieved insertion loss was 0.18 dB (4.06%), facilitating high-fidelity quantum NOT operations.

    Conclusions:

    • The demonstrated adiabatic waveguide crossing is a key enabler for high-fidelity quantum operations in integrated photonic quantum computers.
    • The developed WgX technology achieves a high-fidelity quantum NOT operation of 96.2%.
    • This advancement contributes to the development of robust and scalable optical quantum computing architectures.