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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers01:00

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Polymers that are made up of identical monomer units are called homopolymers. Only one repeating unit is involved in the construction of the homopolymer structure. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, polypropylene is a homopolymer constituted of propylene monomers. Here, the only repeating unit in the polymer chain is propylene.
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Nucleic Acids02:43

Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
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Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

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Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
A graph with the alpha values is plotted against the volume of...
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Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides01:20

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and have instructions for its functioning. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
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DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and the organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria....
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Base Composition of Poly (A

Scott Pine1, Reed Flickinger1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, N. Y., 14260, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Higher RNA transcription correlates with increased AU-rich content in polyadenylated nuclear RNA (poly(A+) RNA) in both frog embryos and erythroleukemia cells. Repetitive RNA sequences in frog embryos are also more AU-rich than single-copy sequences.

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Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Polyadenylated nuclear RNA (poly(A+) RNA) plays crucial roles in gene expression.
  • Cellular transcription levels can vary significantly between cell types and developmental stages.
  • The base composition of RNA, particularly its adenine (A) and uracil (U) content, can influence RNA stability and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between the quantity of poly(A+) nuclear RNA transcribed and its base composition.
  • To compare the AU-richness of repetitive and single-copy sequences within poly(A+) nuclear RNA.
  • To explore potential differences in RNA composition related to transcriptional activity.

Main Methods:

  • Base composition analysis of poly(A+) nuclear RNA.
  • Quantification of poly(A+) nuclear RNA transcription levels.
  • Filter hybridization techniques to differentiate between repetitive and single-copy RNA sequences.

Main Results:

  • Cells transcribing greater quantities of poly(A+) nuclear RNA exhibited a more AU-rich composition compared to cells with lower transcription levels.
  • In frog embryos, repetitive sequences within poly(A+) nuclear RNA were found to be more AU-rich than single-copy sequences.
  • These findings suggest a link between RNA quantity, sequence type, and base composition.

Conclusions:

  • The AU-richness of poly(A+) nuclear RNA is associated with higher transcriptional activity.
  • Repetitive RNA elements may contribute to the overall AU-richness observed in actively transcribing cells.
  • This compositional difference could have implications for RNA processing, stability, and function during development and in disease states.