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Updated: Jul 27, 2025
11:10
Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model
Published on: May 23, 2018
12.0K
Vanadium: A U.S. Perspective on an Understudied Metal.
1Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven Connecticut 06511, United States.
Environmental Science & Technology
|June 7, 2023
Summary
This study details the vanadium material flow in the United States from 1992-2021. Most vanadium is used in steels for transport and industrial machinery, with significant loss at end-of-life, except for tool steels and catalysts which are recycled.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Metallurgy
- Industrial Ecology
Background:
- Vanadium is a critical element for high-performance alloys and metal products.
- Its applications are essential across various industrial sectors.
- Understanding vanadium's lifecycle is crucial for resource management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To establish a detailed material flow cycle for vanadium in the United States.
- To analyze vanadium consumption and end-of-life management from 1992 to 2021.
Main Methods:
- Compilation of material flow data for vanadium.
- Analysis of vanadium demand across different steel types and applications.
- Tracking vanadium through end-use sectors and end-of-life scenarios.
Main Results:
- Steels account for approximately half of the cumulative vanadium demand (167 Gg).
- Transport and industrial machinery are the largest end-use sectors for vanadium.
- Vanadium in tool steels and catalysts is largely recycled, while other steel applications result in functional loss.
Conclusions:
- The study provides a comprehensive overview of vanadium's material flow in the U.S.
- Significant vanadium loss occurs in end-of-life products, highlighting recycling challenges.
- Optimizing recycling strategies for vanadium-containing steels is essential for resource sustainability.
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