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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Voltammetry is an electroanalytical technique in which the current flowing through an electrochemical cell is measured as a function of applied potential, typically under conditions of concentration polarization. The technique provides valuable information about redox-active species, and the current response is plotted as a voltammogram.
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Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV), Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CSV), and Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (AdSV) are electrochemical techniques used to determine trace amounts of analytes in solution. These methods involve applying a potential to an electrode and measuring the resulting current.
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV)
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The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
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Bonding in Metals02:32

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model
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Vanadium: A U.S. Perspective on an Understudied Metal.

T E Graedel1, Alessio Miatto1

  • 1Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven Connecticut 06511, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|June 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the vanadium material flow in the United States from 1992-2021. Most vanadium is used in steels for transport and industrial machinery, with significant loss at end-of-life, except for tool steels and catalysts which are recycled.

Keywords:
United Statesindustrial ecologymaterial flow analysisvanadium

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Industrial Ecology

Background:

  • Vanadium is a critical element for high-performance alloys and metal products.
  • Its applications are essential across various industrial sectors.
  • Understanding vanadium's lifecycle is crucial for resource management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a detailed material flow cycle for vanadium in the United States.
  • To analyze vanadium consumption and end-of-life management from 1992 to 2021.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation of material flow data for vanadium.
  • Analysis of vanadium demand across different steel types and applications.
  • Tracking vanadium through end-use sectors and end-of-life scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Steels account for approximately half of the cumulative vanadium demand (167 Gg).
  • Transport and industrial machinery are the largest end-use sectors for vanadium.
  • Vanadium in tool steels and catalysts is largely recycled, while other steel applications result in functional loss.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive overview of vanadium's material flow in the U.S.
  • Significant vanadium loss occurs in end-of-life products, highlighting recycling challenges.
  • Optimizing recycling strategies for vanadium-containing steels is essential for resource sustainability.