[Biotherapies for the treatment of ulcerative colitis]

Xavier Treton1

  • 1Institut des MICI, groupe hospitalier privé Ambroise-Paré- Hartmann, Neuilly, France.

PubMed

BIOTHÉRAPIES DANS LE TRAITEMENT DE LA RECTOCOLITE HÉMORRAGIQUE. Le traitement de la rectocolite hémorragique a considérablement évolué puisqu'il doit, pour la plupart des patients,permettre une cicatrisation des lésions inflammatoires coliques et non plus une simple rémission des symptômes cliniques. Ceci est désormais possible grâce aux biothérapies dont trois classes principales sont autorisées dans la rectocolite hémorragique. Les anti-TNF, classe la plus ancienne, ont fait la preuve de leur efficacité et peuvent être utilisés en première ligne de traitement après échec des traitements conventionnels. Parmi eux, seul l'infliximab est recommandé dans les colites aiguës graves. Le védolizumab, anti-intégrine, peut également être utilisé en première ligne, avec un excellent profil de tolérance mais pas d'effet sur les manifestations extradigestives. Les anti-interleukines 12 et 23 (ustékinumab), bientôt rejointes par d'autres anticorps spécifiques de l'interleukine 23, sont également très efficaces et leur tolérance excellente, mais se positionnent en échec d'une première ligne de biothérapie. S'ajoutent à cet arsenal les inhibiteurs de JAK, petites molécules orales, d'action très puissante mais dont le profil médiocre de tolérance les réserve aux sujets jeunes, sans comorbidité et généralement après échec de deux lignes de biothérapie. Tous ces traitements sont actuellement disponibles à domicile, par voie sous-cutanée, ou orale pour les inhibiteurs de JAK. Ceci implique pour les patients une bonne connaissance, acquise par l'éducation thérapeutique, et la mise en place d'un suivi coordonné avec tous les acteurs de soins : gastroentérologues, médecins généralistes et infirmières de coordination.

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