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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

627
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

346
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
346
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.1K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Soluble and Processable Single-Crystalline Cationic Polymers.

Yang Liu1,2, Xin-Ru Guan1,2, Duan-Chao Wang1,2

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|June 9, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmentally friendly single-crystal polymerization yields soluble polymer single crystals (PSCs). These highly crystalline materials offer improved processability and functionality, advancing polymer science applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) polymerization produces highly crystalline polymer single crystals (PSCs).
  • Existing PSCs often exhibit poor solubility, limiting their practical applications and post-functionalization.
  • Understanding structure-property relationships in PSCs is crucial for material development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop soluble and processable polymer single crystals (PSCs) with rigid polycationic backbones.
  • To overcome the solubility limitations of traditional PSCs.
  • To explore novel applications of processable PSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Ultraviolet-induced topochemical polymerization of a designed monomer.
  • Characterization using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), electron microscopy, and NMR spectroscopy.
  • Post-functionalization via anion exchange.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized soluble and processable PSCs with rigid polycationic backbones.
  • Demonstrated high crystallinity and excellent solubility, enabling solid-state and solution-phase characterization.
  • Achieved super-hydrophobic materials for water purification through post-functionalization.
  • Exhibited excellent gel-like rheological properties due to solution processability.

Conclusions:

  • This research establishes a significant advancement in the controlled synthesis and full characterization of soluble single-crystalline polymers.
  • The developed PSCs offer a promising platform for creating functional materials with diverse applications.
  • The findings pave the way for broader utilization of PSCs in areas like water purification and advanced material fabrication.