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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods
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Probiotics and novel probiotic delivery systems.

Samantha J Wala1, Mecklin V Ragan1, Nitin Sajankila1

  • 1Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.

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Summary

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a common surgical emergency in premature infants, may be treated with probiotics. This review explores current and novel probiotic delivery systems for NEC prevention and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Neonatal Research
  • Microbiology and Immunology

Background:

  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe intestinal disease in premature infants, characterized by dysbiosis.
  • Probiotics offer potential therapeutic benefits for NEC due to their immunomodulating and antimicrobial properties.

Approach:

  • This review examines established probiotic delivery systems (planktonic, prebiotics, synbiotics).
  • It also explores novel systems like biofilm-based and designer probiotics.
  • The influence of breast milk on probiotic efficacy is also discussed.

Key Points:

  • Current probiotic research for NEC uses planktonic bacteria, with no FDA-approved options available.
  • Novel delivery systems and administration with breast milk are critical areas for future research.
  • Developing an FDA-approved probiotic for NEC presents significant challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Probiotics hold promise for managing NEC, but further research into advanced delivery systems is essential.
  • Optimizing probiotic formulations and administration strategies is key to their successful clinical application in NEC.