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Related Concept Videos

Probiotics01:22

Probiotics

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Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms that confer health benefits by modulating the gut microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex microbial ecosystem, and the balance of this microbiota is crucial for digestive and systemic health. Among the most extensively studied and utilized probiotics are species formerly classified within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These organisms not only naturally colonize the human gut but are also consumed through...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
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Rethinking probiotic delivery: new hope for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis.

Sarah J Chen1, Colton D Wayne1, Taylor H Jacobs1

  • 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
|March 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants may be preventable with probiotics. Novel delivery methods show promise in reversing gut dysbiosis and reducing NEC risk, despite FDA concerns.

Keywords:
BiofilmLimosilactobacillus reuterico-ridenecrotizing enterocolitisoral drug deliveryprebioticprobiotic

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal disease affecting premature newborns, with high mortality rates.
  • Current treatment for NEC is limited to supportive care, as no definitive cure exists.
  • Gut microbiome dysbiosis is a significant factor in NEC development, suggesting microbiome-targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy of probiotics in preventing NEC in premature infants.
  • To explore novel oral probiotic delivery methods for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
  • To address challenges in probiotic therapy, including recent FDA warnings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on probiotics, NEC, and innovative oral delivery systems.
  • Analysis of the impact of the September 2023 FDA warning on probiotic use in neonates.
  • Examination of advanced probiotic delivery technologies like biofilm formation and prebiotic co-administration.

Main Results:

  • Probiotics show potential in reversing intestinal dysbiosis associated with NEC.
  • Novel delivery methods, such as biofilm formation and prebiotic co-administration, can enhance probiotic efficacy.
  • Recent FDA warnings present challenges to the widespread use of probiotics in premature infants.

Conclusions:

  • Novel oral probiotic delivery technologies, once approved, could significantly reduce NEC risk in premature infants.
  • Further research and regulatory navigation are crucial for implementing advanced probiotic strategies.
  • Targeting gut dysbiosis through innovative probiotic approaches offers a promising avenue for NEC prevention.