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Bonding in Metals02:32

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
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Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
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Shape and Composition Evolution in an Alloy Core-Shell Nanowire Heterostructure Induced by Adatom Diffusion.

Delong Han1, Wenlei Tang2, Naizhang Sun2

  • 1Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Adatom diffusion significantly influences the shape and composition of alloy core-shell nanowires, crucial for optoelectronic devices. Understanding these kinetic processes is key to controlling nanowire growth and properties.

Keywords:
alloy compositioncore–shell heterostructuregrowth modelmorphologynanowire

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Core-shell nanowire heterostructures are vital components in advanced optoelectronic devices.
  • Controlling the morphology and composition of these heterostructures is essential for device performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and utilize a growth model for alloy core-shell nanowire heterostructures.
  • To investigate the influence of adatom diffusion on shape and composition evolution during nanowire growth.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical solution of transient diffusion equations using the finite element method.
  • Incorporation of diffusion, adsorption, desorption, and incorporation kinetics of adatoms.
  • Modeling of moving boundaries to account for sidewall growth.

Main Results:

  • Adatom diffusion leads to position-dependent and time-dependent adatom concentrations.
  • Nanowire shell morphology, including thickness distribution and contact angle, is strongly dependent on flux impingement angle.
  • Composition profiles are non-uniform along nanowire and shell growth directions due to adatom diffusion.

Conclusions:

  • The kinetic model successfully elucidates the role of adatom diffusion in shaping alloy core-shell nanowires.
  • Systematic investigation reveals the impact of diffusion length, adatom lifetime, and component ratios on evolution.
  • The model provides insights for growing alloy group-IV and group III-V core-shell nanowire heterostructures.