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The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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Masonry walls are subject to slight expansion and contraction due to variations in temperature and moisture. Thermal movement in masonry is relatively straightforward to measure and plan for. On the other hand, moisture movement poses more of a challenge. New clay masonry units typically absorb water and expand over time under normal environmental conditions. Conversely, new concrete masonry units tend to shrink as they lose the excess moisture acquired during their production process.
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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Expansion of the Materials Cloud 2D Database.

Davide Campi1,2, Nicolas Mounet1, Marco Gibertini1,3,4

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Researchers discovered over 1200 new two-dimensional (2D) materials, significantly expanding the portfolio of easily exfoliable materials for advanced electronics and optoelectronics.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) materials are crucial for next-generation electronics, optoelectronics, and quantum computing.
  • The discovery of novel 2D materials has accelerated, with thousands predicted and over a hundred synthesized.
  • Previous work identified 1825 exfoliable 2D compounds from existing databases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To expand the known library of two-dimensional (2D) materials.
  • To identify novel, easily exfoliable 2D materials for advanced applications.
  • To explore the electronic properties and heterostructure potential of newly discovered monolayers.

Main Methods:

  • Screening an expanded set of experimental databases (MPDS, ICSD, COD).
  • Computational optimization of structural properties for newly identified monolayers.
  • Electronic structure calculations, focusing on large-bandgap materials.
  • Identification of candidate materials for commensurate heterostructures.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of an additional 1252 two-dimensional (2D) monolayers, bringing the total to 3077.
  • Nearly doubling the number of easily exfoliable materials to 2004.
  • Optimization of structural and electronic properties for all identified monolayers.
  • Identification of promising large-bandgap 2D materials and heterostructure candidates.

Conclusions:

  • The expanded database significantly increases the availability of easily exfoliable 2D materials.
  • New materials offer potential for advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices, particularly large-bandgap semiconductors.
  • The identified materials and heterostructure candidates pave the way for future research and development.