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Fluctuations of heat in driven two-state systems: Application to a single-electron box with superconducting gap
Tuomas Pyhäranta1, Luca Peliti2, Jukka P Pekola1
1Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
Abstract:
By using trajectory averaging to analyze the statistics of energy dissipation in the nonequilibrium energy-state transitions of a driven two-state system, we show that the average energy dissipation induced by external driving is connected to its fluctuations about equilibrium through the simple relation 2k_{B}T〈Q〉=〈δQ^{2}〉, which is preserved by an adiabatic approximation scheme. We use this scheme to obtain the heat statistics of a single-electron box with a superconducting lead in the slow-driving regime, where the dissipated heat becomes normally distributed with a relatively high probability to be extracted from the environment rather than dissipated. We also discuss the validity of heat fluctuation relations beyond driven two-state transitions and the slow-driving regime.
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