Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Comparing Objective Conjunctival Hyperemia Grading and the Ocular Surface Disease Index Score in Dry Eye Syndrome During COVID-19
Published on: May 25, 2022
Chilblain-Like Lesions (CLL) Coinciding With the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Children: A Systematic Review
Samantha Y Starkey1, Nadia Kashetsky2, Joseph M Lam3,4
1Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Abstract:
Chilblain-like lesions (CLL) coinciding with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been described in the literature. Available reviews of the literature suggest that CLL are associated with younger age, an equal sex ratio, negative testing for SARS-CoV-2, and mild to no extracutaneous manifestations (ECM) associated with COVID-19 infection. This systematic review aims to provide a summary of reports of CLL associated with the early SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in children to clarify the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and resolution outcomes of these skin findings. Sixty-nine studies, published between May 2020 and January 2022, met inclusion criteria and were summarized in this review, representing 1,119 cases of CLL. Available data showed a slight male predominance (591/1002, 59%). Mean age was 13 years, ranging from 0 to 18 years. Most cases had no ECM (682/978, 70%). Overall, 70/507 (14%) of patients tested positive for COVID-19 using PCR and/or serology. In the majority the clinical course was benign with 355/415 (86%) of cases resolving, and 97/269 (36%) resolving without any treatment. This comprehensive summary of pediatric CLL suggests these lesions are rarely associated with COVID-19 symptoms or test positivity.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...

