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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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The human embryo selection arena is associated with transposable element activity.

Anna Osnato1,2, Vincent Pasque1,2, Laurent David3,4

  • 1KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven, Belgium.

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Researchers discovered a new cell group during early human development. These cells diverge from main lineages and undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, due to young transposable elements.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Early human development is complex and not fully understood.
  • The precise mechanisms governing cell fate decisions are critical for normal development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate previously undefined cell populations during early human development.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms driving cell divergence and programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced single-cell sequencing techniques.
  • Analyzed gene expression patterns to identify distinct cell populations.
  • Investigated the role of transposable elements in cellular processes.

Main Results:

  • Identified a novel group of cells distinct from established developmental lineages.
  • Demonstrated that these cells undergo apoptosis.
  • Showed that young transposable elements are active in these cells and likely induce apoptosis.

Conclusions:

  • This study reveals a new layer of complexity in early human development.
  • The activity of young transposable elements plays a significant role in regulating cell fate and elimination.
  • Findings provide novel insights into developmental processes and potential implications for understanding developmental disorders.