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Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema: Comparative Evidence on a Complex Condition
Diana Calaras1, Alexander G Mathioudakis2, Zsofia Lazar3
1Department of Pulmonology and Allergology, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Nicolae Testemitanu", MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova.
Abstract:
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a clinical syndrome characterized by upper lobe emphysema and lower lobe fibrosis manifested by exercise hypoxemia, normal lung volumes, and severe reduction of diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide. It has varying prevalence worldwide with a male predominance, and with smoking history of more than 40 pack-years being a common risk factor. The unique imaging features of CPFE emphasize its distinct entity, aiding in the timely detection of pulmonary hypertension and lung cancer, both of which are common complications. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is an important diagnostic and prognostic tool, while lung cancer is an independent factor that alters the prognosis in CPFE patients. Treatment options for CPFE are limited, but smoking cessation, usual treatments of pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema, and avoidance of environmental exposures are encouraged.
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