Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vapor Pressure02:34

Vapor Pressure

When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

Vapor Pressure Lowering

The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates: Dissolving a nonvolatile substance in volatile liquid results in a lowering of the liquid’s vapor pressure. This phenomenon can be explained by considering the effect of added solute molecules on the liquid's vaporization and condensation processes. To vaporize, solvent molecules must be present at the surface of the solution. The presence of...
Van der Waals Equation01:10

Van der Waals Equation

The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
First, the attractive forces between molecules, which are stronger at higher densities and reduce the pressure, are considered by adding to the pressure a term equal to the square of the molar density multiplied by a positive coefficient a. Second, the volume...
Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...
Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Synthesis of Homogeneously {100}-Textured 3-Inch Free-Standing Diamond Wafer.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Rheology of MXene-reinforced dual-network hydrogels in swollen and unswollen states.

Soft matter·2026
Same author

Trinity Cooperative Electrode as a High-Performance Electrocatalytic Host for Ultra-Stable, High-Rate Zinc-Halogen Batteries.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Interfacial Engineering for Enhanced Adhesion of Diamond Coatings.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Self-Adaptive Absorption-Superspreading Coating for Environment Endurable and Long-Lasting Antifogging Applications.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvents-Enabled High-Lignin-Density Networks for Ambient Multi-Scale Fabrication of Multifunctional and Extreme Environment Adaptable Soft Devices.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Studying the Effects of Matrix Stiffness on Cellular Function using Acrylamide-based Hydrogels
10:19

Studying the Effects of Matrix Stiffness on Cellular Function using Acrylamide-based Hydrogels

Published on: August 10, 2010

22.2K

Understanding Gel-Powers: Exploring Rheological Marvels of Acrylamide/Sodium Alginate Double-Network Hydrogels.

Shi-Chang Wang1, Shu-Tong Du2, Saud Hashmi3

  • 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Dual-network hydrogels made with acrylamide and sodium alginate show strain hardening and shear thickening. Calcium ion concentration significantly impacts their nonlinear behavior and improves tensile properties, making them robust elastic solids.

Keywords:
Fourier transform rheologyacrylamidedouble network hydrogellarge amplitude oscillatory shearsodium alginate

More Related Videos

Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability
09:09

Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

Published on: February 27, 2016

10.1K
Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering
12:22

Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

Published on: October 26, 2016

11.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Studying the Effects of Matrix Stiffness on Cellular Function using Acrylamide-based Hydrogels
10:19

Studying the Effects of Matrix Stiffness on Cellular Function using Acrylamide-based Hydrogels

Published on: August 10, 2010

22.2K
Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability
09:09

Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

Published on: February 27, 2016

10.1K
Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering
12:22

Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

Published on: October 26, 2016

11.9K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Rheology

Background:

  • Dual-network hydrogels offer tunable mechanical properties.
  • Sodium alginate and acrylamide are common hydrogel precursors.
  • Understanding rheological behavior under large deformations is crucial for applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the rheological properties of dual-network hydrogels (acrylamide/sodium alginate) under large deformations.
  • Analyze the effect of calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration on nonlinear behavior.
  • Systematically vary alginate and Ca2+ concentrations to understand network connectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of dual-network hydrogels with varying alginate and Ca2+ concentrations.
  • Rheological testing under large deformations, including creep and creep recovery.
  • Analysis of nonlinear rheological parameters (e.g., Q0, I3/I1, S, T, e3/e1, v3/v1).
  • Tensile property testing.

Main Results:

  • All gel samples exhibited strain hardening, shear thickening, and shear densification.
  • Precursor solutions displayed viscoelastic behavior dependent on alginate content and pH.
  • Gels behaved as highly elastic solids with minimal viscoelastic components.
  • Addition of Ca2+ to form the alginate network significantly decreased the onset of the nonlinear regime.
  • Nonlinearity parameters increased significantly with Ca2+ addition.
  • Tensile properties were notably improved by Ca2+-induced alginate network formation at intermediate concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • The rheological properties of acrylamide-alginate dual-network hydrogels are strongly influenced by calcium ion concentration.
  • Ca2+ crosslinking enhances the elastic solid character and improves tensile strength.
  • These findings are critical for designing advanced hydrogel materials for specific applications.