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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators
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Hydrodynamic spin-orbit coupling in asynchronous optically driven micro-rotors.

Alvin Modin1,2, Matan Yah Ben Zion3,4, Paul M Chaikin1

  • 1Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, 726 Broadway Avenue, New York, NY, 10003, USA.

Nature Communications
|July 11, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new optical method to observe free micro-rotors. This technique reveals a universal hydrodynamic spin-orbit coupling between freely diffusing particles, advancing the study of active matter.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Active Matter Systems
  • Hydrodynamics

Background:

  • Vortical flows of rotating particles are crucial in diverse systems, from molecular machines to atmospheric dynamics.
  • Previous studies on artificial micro-rotors were limited by synchronization or confinement methods, hindering direct observation of hydrodynamic coupling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel active system for observing the interplay of rotation and translation in free rotors.
  • To investigate the hydrodynamic interactions between freely diffusing micro-rotors without external confinement or synchronization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a non-tweezing circularly polarized laser beam to simultaneously rotate hundreds of silica-coated birefringent colloids.
  • Observing asynchronous rotation and free diffusion of particles in a 2D plane.
  • Deriving an analytical model in the Stokes limit for pairs of spheres to explain observed dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Hundreds of micro-rotors were simultaneously rotated asynchronously by a circularly polarized light beam.
  • Neighboring particles were observed to orbit each other with angular velocities dependent on their spins.
  • A universal hydrodynamic spin-orbit coupling was identified, stemming from the geometry of low Reynolds number fluid flow.

Conclusions:

  • The developed system enables direct observation of rotation-translation coupling in free rotors.
  • The findings demonstrate a universal hydrodynamic spin-orbit coupling in micro-rotor systems.
  • This research contributes to understanding far-from-equilibrium materials and micro-scale fluid dynamics.