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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

678
In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
678
NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview01:15

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview

1.6K
The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
For instance, the proton...
1.6K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

17.3K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
17.3K
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds01:14

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds

1.2K
In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as...
1.2K
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

1.1K
An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
1.1K
Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

1.2K
The protons in unsubstituted alkanes are strongly shielded with chemical shifts below 1.8 ppm. Methine, methylene, and methyl protons appear at approximately 1.7, 1.2 and 0.7 ppm, while the proton signal from methane appears at 0.23 ppm. An electronegative substituent, such as chlorine, withdraws the electron density from the protons, increasing their chemical shift. Progressive substitution of the hydrogens in methane by chlorine shifts the proton signals increasingly downfield, to 3.05 ppm in...
1.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
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Chemical Shift-Dependent Interaction Maps in Molecular Solids.

Manuel Cordova1,2, Lyndon Emsley1,2

  • 1Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces 3D interaction maps derived from molecular structure and experimental chemical shifts. These maps accelerate crystal structure prediction (CSP) and evaluate candidate structures without computationally intensive DFT calculations.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Crystallography
  • Computational chemistry

Background:

  • NMR crystallography is key for determining molecular solid structures.
  • Crystal structure prediction (CSP) protocols are computationally intensive, hindering polymorph exploration.
  • Generating candidate crystal structures is a bottleneck in CSP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for accelerating crystal structure prediction (CSP) protocols.
  • To evaluate the likelihood of candidate crystal structures efficiently.
  • To reduce the computational cost associated with CSP.

Main Methods:

  • Constructing three-dimensional interaction maps from a database of crystal structures and experimental chemical shifts.
  • Deriving maps directly from molecular structure and associated experimental chemical shifts.
  • Utilizing these maps to identify structural constraints for CSP.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the ability to identify structural constraints for accelerating CSP protocols.
  • Showcased a method to evaluate candidate crystal structures without DFT computations.
  • Developed 3D interaction maps as a novel tool for solid-state structure determination.

Conclusions:

  • 3D interaction maps offer a computationally efficient approach to accelerate CSP.
  • The developed method reduces the bottleneck in generating candidate crystal structures.
  • This technique provides a viable alternative for evaluating crystal structure candidates.