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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview01:07

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a phenomenon exhibited by certain nuclei that can absorb characteristic radio frequency radiation under certain conditions. NMR has been extensively applied in molecular spectroscopy and medical diagnostic imaging. In both these applications, the molecule or subject under study is placed in a magnetic field and irradiated with radio frequency energy.
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Surface-Only Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization and 2H-Dephasing.

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A new surface-only solid-state NMR method uses dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and deuterium (2H) dephasing to precisely characterize atomic-scale surface structures in functional materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Atomic-scale surface structure control is crucial for functional materials.
  • Direct and selective surface characterization remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a broadly applicable strategy for surface-only solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).
  • Enable atomic-scale characterization of functional surfaces in various materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilize dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) with partially deuterated solvents as proximity probes.
  • Employ 2H-based dipolar dephasing to filter out bulk signals, enhancing surface selectivity.
  • Implement a 1H-X{2H} cross-polarization/re-ண்ட் polarization-decoupling (CP-REDOR) scheme for detecting X nuclei via 2H-X dipolar couplings.

Main Results:

  • Achieved clear detection of nuclei in the first one or two atomic layers.
  • Demonstrated applicability on hydroxyapatite, tin dioxide, silica, and perovskite materials.
  • Resolved surface sites previously obscured by bulk signals and enabled interfacial distance measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The 2H-dephasing DNP approach provides unprecedented surface selectivity.
  • Establishes a versatile platform for atomic-scale surface characterization of inorganic and nanomaterials.
  • Facilitates understanding and control of surface properties in functional materials.